RELATIONSHIP OF BODILY COMMUNICATION
WITH COGNITIVE AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES
Ulaş Başar Gezgin
PhD, Department of Cognitive Science
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şükriye Ruhi
May 2006, 212 pages
Abstract
Why are there individual differences in people’s bodily communication performance success? Which variables may be responsible for the variation in the performance success? Which analogies would appear to dominate in bodily communication, and in what ways would the metaphorization and
metonymization processes operate? In this study, the relationship of bodily communication performance with cognitive and personality variables was investigated. 218 students participated to the first phase of the study while 88 of them participated to the second phase of it. In the first phase, a set of tests was given successively to determine the levels of certain cognitive and personality
variables. In the experimental setting, the participants were instructed to communicate certain words one by one nonverbally just as in the ‘Silent Movie’ game. The stability of bodily communication expectancy ratings, the factor structure of bodily communication performance and the frequency of the ways of representation for each word were analyzed. Interrater reliability analysis, third eye analysis and case studies were conducted; the unsuccessful representations were described and finally, structural equation modeling results were presented. The theories and research on personality and cognition, metaphors, metonymies, analogies, bodily representations, mind-reading, pragmatics and the notion of relevance were reviewed in the dissertation and after the exposition of the
strategies, schemata and scripts employed in the experiments, a model of bodily communication was proposed aiming to integrate the manifold aspects of bodily communication.
Keywords: Bodily communication, metaphors, metonymies, mind-reading, inference.
Source: Gezgin, U. B. (2009). Silent Movies, Cognition and Personality. Almanya: VDM Verlag.
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SILENT MOVIES,
COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION:
RELATIONSHIP
OF BODILY COMMUNICATION WITH COGNITIVE AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES
Dr.
Ulas Basar Gezgin, PhD
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….1
1.1.
Questions……………………………………………………………..............4
1.2.
Significance of the Study……………………………………………………..5
1.3.
Purpose of the Study………………………………………………….…........8
1.4.
Limitations of the Study………………………………………………............8
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW……..…………………………………………......10
2.1.
Personality and Cognition……………………………………..…………….10
2.2.
Metaphors, Analogies and Metaphorical
Representations..……....................16
2.2.1.
Analogical Reasoning………………………………………………….17
2.2.2.
Metonymies…………………………………………………………….20
2.2.3.
Models of Analogy……………………………………………………..27
2.3.
The Embodied Cognition View……………………………………………..31
2.4.
Personality Variables………………………………………………………..37
2.4.1.
Introversion-Extraversion...…………………………………………….37
2.4.2.
State-Trait Anxiety……………………………………………………...41
2.4.3.
Self-Esteem....................................................…………………………...42
2.5.
Bodily Representations……………………………………………………...43
2.6.
Mind-reading and Pragmatics……………………………………………….47
2.7.
Summary of the Literature Review………………………………………….55
2.8.
Hypotheses and Purposes……………………………………………............58
3.
METHOD………..……………………………………………………………61
3.1.
Participants..……............................................................................................61
3.2.
Instruments..........…………………………………………………................61
3.3.
Procedure………………………………………………….............................62
3.4.
Analyses……….....................................…………………………………….65
4.
RESULTS..………………………………………………................................67
4.1.
Descriptive Analyses….………………………………………......................67
4.1.1.
The Stability of Bodily Communication Expectancy Ratings.................68
4.1.2.
The Factor Structure of Bodily Communication Performance………....69
4.1.3.
The Frequency of the Categories for Each
Word.....................................70
4.1.4.
Interrater Reliability Analysis….……………………………………….73
4.1.5.
Case Studies..…………………………………………………………...73
4.1.5.1.
Woman…………………………………………………………..73
4.1.5.2.
Tree…………...………………………………………………….74
4.1.5.3.
Pyramid………………………………………………………….75
4.1.5.4.
Statue………………………………………..…………………...75
4.1.5.5.
Festival…………………………………………………………..75
4.1.5.6.
Worship………………………………………………………….76
4.1.5.7.
Patience………………………………………………………….77
4.1.5.8.
Adult…………………………………………………………….77
4.1.5.9.
Health……………………………………………………………78
4.1.5.10.
Life……………………………………………………………..78
4.1.5.11.
Lie………………………………...............................................78
4.1.6.
The Description of Unsuccessful Representations Classified
by
Strategies......................................................................................................79
4.1.6.1.
Referent’s Typical Actions……………………………………...80
4.1.6.2.
Shape…………………………………………………………….81
4.1.6.3.
Effect…………………………………………………………….85
4.1.6.4.
Culture…………………………………………………………...86
4.1.6.5.
Negation…………………………………………………………91
4.1.7.
The General Analysis of Unsuccessful Representations……………….95
4.1.8.
Third Eye Analyses…………………………………………………….99
4.2.
Structural Equation Modeling Results.………………….............................102
4.2.1.
The Hypothesized
Model…...................................................................102
4.2.2.
Model Estimation…………………………………...............................104
4.2.3.
Direct Effects………………………………………………….............105
5.
DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………….107
5.1.
Evaluation of the Hypotheses………………………………………………107
5.1.1.
Hypothesis 1: Self-Esteem and Bodily Communication Expectancy….107
5.1.2.
Hypothesis 2: Extraversion and Bodily Representation Performance…108
5.1.3.
Hypothesis 3: Analogical Reasoning and Bodily Representation
Performance…………………………………………………………………..108
5.1.4.
Hypothesis 4: Bodily Communication Expectancy and Bodily
Representation………………………………………………………………...111
5.1.5.
Hypothesis 5: Self-Esteem and Trait Anxiety………………………….113
5.1.6.
Hypothesis 6: Extraversion and Self-Esteem…………………………..113
5.1.7.
Hypothesis 7: Extraversion and Trait Anxiety……...…………….……114
5.1.8.
Hypothesis 8: Self-Esteem and Bodily Representation
Performance…………………………………………………………………..115
5.1.9.
Trait Anxiety and Bodily Representation Performance.……………….115
5.2.
Strategies, Schemata, and Scripts…………………………………………..116
5.2.1.
Referent’s Typical Actions……………….……………………………119
5.2.2.
Shape…………………………………………………………………...125
5.2.3.
Effect…………………………………………………………………...132
5.2.4.
Representer’s Typical Actions………………….……………………...137
5.2.5.
Culture…………………………………………………….....................141
5.2.6.
Negation………………………………………………………………..147
5.2.7.
General Discussion for a Cognitive Framework………….....................153
5.2.8.
Towards a Model of Bodily Communication………...………………...157
6.
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………...175
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...183
APPENDIX:
DEFINITIONS FROM TURKISH WORDNET……………..209
VITA……………………………………………………………………………211
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
2.1. A taxonomy of social intelligence……………………………….…...12
Table
2.2. Types of Metonymy and Examples…………………………………..21
Table
3.1. Words used in the study and corresponding strategies……………….63
Table
4.1. Test-retest correlations of the words…………………………………68
Table
4.2. Total variance explained……………………………………………...70
Table
4.3. Rotated component matrix……………………………………………70
Table
4.4. The words, expected strategies, and their frequencies and
percentages……………………………………………………………………….71
Table
4.5. The words and the success rates……………………………………...79
Table
4.6. The unsuccessful ways of representing dragon, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of dragon representations…………...81
Table
4.7. The unsuccessful ways of representing woman, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of woman representations…………..82
Table
4.8. The unsuccessful ways of representing tree, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of tree representations………………83
Table
4.9. The unsuccessful ways of representing pyramid, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of pyramid representations................84
Table
4.10. The unsuccessful ways of representing statue, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of statue representations…………....84
Table
4.11. The unsuccessful ways of representing mud, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of mud representations……………...86
Table
4.12. The unsuccessful ways of representing lightness, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of lightness representations………...87
Table
4.13. The unsuccessful ways of representing festival, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of festival representations…………..88
Table
4.14. The unsuccessful ways of representing worship, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of worship representations………….88
Table
4.15. lists the unsuccessful ways of representing funeral, their frequencies
and
percentages…………………………………………………………………..89
Table
4.16. The Unsuccessful Ways of Representing Wise, Their Frequencies and
Percentages
among the Unsuccessful Cases of Wise Representations…………..90
Table
4.17. The unsuccessful ways of representing patience, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of patience representations…………92
Table
4.18. The unsuccessful ways of representing adult, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of adult representations……………..93
Table
4.19. The unsuccessful ways of representing health, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of health representations……………94
Table
4.20. The unsuccessful ways of representing life, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of life representations………………94
Table
4.21. The unsuccessful ways of representing lie, their frequencies and
percentages
among the unsuccessful cases of lie representations………………100
Table
4.22. The two interrater’s success in identification of strategy and in
guessing
the word……………………………………………………………….101
Table
4.23. Comparison of models……………………………………………..104
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure
2.1. The relationship between concept combination, metaphor, similarity
and
analogy……………………………………………………………………....19
Figure
2.2. The inferential system in Escandell-Vidal’s model….……………....53
Figure
2.3. The social system in Escandell-Vidal’s model……….……………...54
Figure
2.4. The architecture of an integrated pragmatic theory….………………57
Figure
2.5. The independent, mediator and dependent variables of the study…...59
Figure
4.1. Hypothesized SEM model………………………………………….102
Figure
4.2. Final SEM model before modifications…………………………….103
Figure
4.3. Final SEM model…………………………………………………...106
Figure
5.1. Analogue-Building Process for ASL TREE….…………………….157
Figure
5.2. The proposed inferer model………………………………………...162
Figure
5.3. The proposed performer model………………………………...…..165
Figure
5.4. The proposed bodily communication model……………………….168
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